Fitness questions and answers for December 6, 2004

Form & Fitness Q & A

Got a question about fitness, training, recovery from injury or a related subject? Drop us a line at fitness@cyclingnews.com. Please include as much information about yourself as possible, including your age, sex, and type of racing or riding. Due to the volume of questions we receive, we regret that we are unable to answer them all.

Carrie Cheadle, MA (www.carriecheadle.com) is a Sports Psychology consultant who has dedicated her career to helping athletes of all ages and abilities perform to their potential. Carrie specialises in working with cyclists, in disciplines ranging from track racing to mountain biking. She holds a bachelors degree in Psychology from Sonoma State University as well as a masters degree in Sport Psychology from John F. Kennedy University.

Kelby Bethards, MD received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from Iowa State University (1994) before obtaining an M.D. from the University of Iowa College of Medicine in 2000. Has been a racing cyclist 'on and off' for 20 years, and when time allows, he races Cat 3 and 35+. He is a team physician for two local Ft Collins, CO, teams, and currently works Family Practice in multiple settings: rural, urgent care, inpatient and the like.

Fiona Lockhart (www.trainright.com) is a USA Cycling Expert Coach, and holds certifications from USA Weightlifting (Sports Performance Coach), the National Strength and Conditioning Association (Certified Strength and Conditioning Coach), and the National Academy for Sports Nutrition (Primary Sports Nutritionist). She is the Sports Science Editor for Carmichael Training Systems, and has been working in the strength and conditioning and endurance sports fields for over 10 years; she's also a competitive mountain biker.

David Fleckenstein, MPT (www.physiopt.com) is a physical therapist practicing in Boise, ID. His clients have included World and U.S. champions, Olympic athletes and numerous professional athletes. He received his B.S. in Biology/Genetics from Penn State and his Master's degree in Physical Therapy from Emory University. He specializes in manual medicine treatment and specific retraining of spine and joint stabilization musculature. He is a former Cat I road racer and Expert mountain biker.

Since 1986 Steve Hogg (www.cyclefitcentre.com) has owned and operated Pedal Pushers, a cycle shop specialising in rider positioning and custom bicycles. In that time he has positioned riders from all cycling disciplines and of all levels of ability with every concievable cycling problem.They include World and National champions at one end of the performance spectrum to amputees and people with disabilities at the other end.

Pamela Hinton has a bachelor's degree in Molecular Biology and a doctoral degree in Nutritional Sciences, both from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She did postdoctoral training at Cornell University and is now an assistant professor of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Missouri-Columbia where she studies the effects of iron deficiency on adaptations to endurance training and the consequences of exercise-associated changes in menstrual function on bone health.

Steve Owens (www.coloradopremiertraining.com) is a USA Cycling certified coach, exercise physiologist and owner of Colorado Premier Training. Steve has worked with both the United States Olympic Committee and Guatemalan Olympic Committee as an Exercise Physiologist. He holds a B.S. in Exercise & Sports Science and currently works with multiple national champions, professionals and World Cup level cyclists.

Richard Stern (www.cyclecoach.com) is Head Coach of Richard Stern Training, a Level 3 Coach with the Association of British Cycling Coaches, a Sports Scientist, and a writer. He has been professionally coaching cyclists and triathletes since 1998 at all levels from professional to recreational. He is a leading expert in coaching with power output and all power meters. Richard has been a competitive cyclist for 20 years

Andy Bloomer (www.cyclecoach.com) is an Associate Coach and sport scientist with Richard Stern Training. He is a member of the Association of British Cycling Coaches (ABCC) and a member of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES). In his role as Exercise Physiologist at Staffordshire University Sports Performance Centre, he has conducted physiological testing and offered training and coaching advice to athletes from all sports for the past 4 years. Andy has been a competitive cyclist for many years.

I'm a 41 year old Cat IV with one year of racing experience. I want to train by power but don't want to spend hundreds of dollars on a power meter. It seems that power training is most beneficial in intervals and in HR zones 4 and 5, and that training strictly by HR is fine for endurance rides and efforts in HR zones 2 and 3. It is hard for me to do intervals safely on the road, since I live in a heavily populated suburban area, so I do my interval training indoors.

With that in mind, if I keep variables on the trainer under control, like keeping tire pressures consistent, and the resistance unit is pressed to the tire by a spring, then doing intervals turning a specific gear, like 105 rpm in the 53x15, or maintaining a specific speed, is essentially training by power right? For instance a ladder workout of 1,2,3,4,3,2,1 turning 53x15 at 100 rpm, my HR will be in zone 4 by the end of the second interval and in zone 5 in the longer sets. But I'm putting out the same power because I'm maintaining speed throughout. And I know that four minute intervals turning 53X17 at 105 rpm puts me squarely in zone 4 each interval. (Yes, I know I'm weak, but it is still December.)

I am a 23 year old track cyclist from Brazil. I've been reading tons of info and discussion on bike fit, most of all about saddle height and fore/aft position. My question is, is there any difference between track and road position? I remember reading many books that would say a sprinter's saddle should have its tip aligned with the bottom bracket, but that's not the case when you see the bikes at the Olympics or the worlds. And the same with the height: the top class riders seem to use it much higher than the books would recommend for a sprinter. Is there any kind of magic equation for the fitting? I know the best is the way one feels comfortable with, but I wonder if there's any way I could improve my performance, given that for the kilo and sprint high cadence is fairly important. If that helps, I am 1.78m (5'10'') tall, 80 kilos, my leg length is 85 cm (up to the crotch) and my bike is set with 90 cm from the pedal to the top of the seat (I use 170mm cranks). I would consider myself fairly flexible with my back, given that the drop between saddle and handlebar is 15cm for sprint and 17 for the kilo/pursuit. should you think it's important, I could send pics from my position in the bike. Thank you.

There are fairly substantial differences between ideal bike positions for the same rider on track bikes and road bikes. There are some changes necessary as well between different track disciplines. The demands made of the rider differ between track and road. A track rider has only one gear which has to small enough to accelerate well but not so small that the rider is pedalled out in a race. This places a premium on the ability to maintain high cadences for longer periods than is common on the road. Another difference is that there are no hills on the track, so there is little demand for sustained low cadence, high torque pedalling so both cleat and seat position need to reflect this. Bar height can be lower as well because of the emphasis placed on standing starts which is largely absent on the road. Additionally given the shorter duration of track events, what a rider may find comfortable on a track bike for a certain period may not be comfortable for the longer period in a road race. Lastly, and often overlooked, is the effects of a fixed wheel drivetrain versus the freewheel drivetrain of a road bike.

Thanks for the input. Another point that I'd like to ask is about the height and fore/aft position of the saddle. What I've seen in the bikes at the Olympics are "real" seat angles of about 76 degrees. By real angles I mean the angle between the bb and the spot in the saddle where you actually seat (I believe Cervelo uses this kind of designation). But what about the height? should it be lower to improve cadence, or higher for "extra leverage" ? It seems to be commonsense to lower the saddle, but from some riders (specially kilo) it seems that they don't follow this rule... what's your opinion on that? From my own experience high seat may be better for high torque, or even things like trying to keep the pace in the kilo, but will handicap you in seated accelerations, while a low seat can help accelerating, but seems to burn my legs faster.

Also, my right foot is ok, but my left one tends to pull out of the shoes when the cadence goes higher... It's like I start pedalling with the tip of my toes. my feet moves inside the shoes (they are almost brand new Shimano R125), and I tend to lift the heel. Needless to say it takes all my pedalling efficiency... Sometimes I also tend to "open" my knee while pedalling, like if I couldn't pedal with my leg parallel to the frame, can you understand this problem? It seems that my knees are closer to the brake levers than to the stem while on the top of the stroke.

I have not seen much regarding training for body type. I am 6'1" and 160lbs. If I lift weights hard for several months in the winter, I only gain 2 to 3 lbs but 20 to 30% in low rep max testing as well as higher rep tests. When on the bike I just feel much stronger, like I am using less resources for the same effort. I can also deal with hi wattage surges in group rides. This is all without much change in aerobic training.

I believe that you are correct that some riders will benefit much more from strength training than others. If you have felt that strength training benefits you, it almost certainly does. At the very least you have an improved confidence that allows you to stay calmer and make better decisions in races. Your perception that you are able to surge and recover more effectively after strength training is also consistent with the scientific evidence.

I don't know of such a site. I do have a suggestion for filtering through the marketing hype though. Look for these two items in any product sold by a company: any form of chromium sold as a fat burner or lean-mass builder, and carnitine sold as a fat burner. Both of these substances have been shown by thorough testing to be without benefit to athletes, and this has been known for years. In fact, ingested carnitine does not even get to the parts of cells where it would work and chromium actually made obese women gain weight compared to controls in one study.

I'm a 38 yo male performance-oriented recreational cyclist that mt bikes and road rides. My problem is with my hamstring. I woke up one morning and my left hamstring was hurting to the point that I was limping, a sharp pain. As it warmed up, in 4 or 5 minutes it felt better but I could tell something wasn't right, more of a dull pain. It mostly seems to be about 5 inches up from the back of my knee but sometimes shoots up higher and sometimes down to my calf. This happens after sitting or not moving for awhile (driving, work, sleep, etc) and it's going on 4 weeks now. I'm still able to ride without pain unless I stand when climbing. The worst part is that I don't know how it happened. You see it happen to athletes (baseball, basketball, etc) and they know it happened immediately! Maybe when one of my kids was jumping on me when playing on the floor? I've heard hamstring injuries take a long time to heal and was wondering if you had any ideas.

It sounds like your pain might be generating from a lower back injury similar to the one I suffered a while ago. If your hamstring was the source of the injury then it's possible to say that the symptoms would remain there but as you suggest they radiate into your calf then it may be due to impingement of the sciatic nerve which could come from one or more of several sources. You need a specialist diagnosis to confirm this from an appropriately qualified professional. They will prescribe exercises to alleviate the pain and then remedial exercises to keep it at bay.

I know that a lot of people say that if you can hold a certain number of watts uphill you can beat the competition, right? But is Watts per kilogram what matters, more than just training at a certain amount of Watts while climbing? Lets say I am 68kg, then if I can produce 350-400 Watts while climbing that will make my Watts per kilo around 4.7-5.3. What kind of Watts per kilo would I need to be competitive at the Tour? Is power output in Watts per kilo a better indicator of success? And does it also matter for endurance races and other types of racing?

Ed Monnier brings up an excellent point (2 in his original reply) for racing in the much of the United States (and certainly other places) where long climbs are not a regular part of racing, either due to terrain or level of competition. As Ed points out, watts/kg is the best measurable metric for comparing climbing ability, but when long climbs are not a part of the course profile, W/kg becomes a less effective tool. In events such as track, criterium and flat to rolling road races, allometrically scaling watts/kg can give a better comparable measure of cycling ability. This is simply done with the following equation: W/kg^0.67, where mass is raised to the power of 0.67 and is then divided into watts. In a nutshell, the difference between the two measures is a matter of accounting for the influence or gravity vs. the influence of wind drag, respectively, on the power to speed relationship.

She says "As long as you maintain blood glucose levels, creating an energy deficit during the event should not be problematic." Well, where does the ~500 kcal/hr come from if only 240-ish kcal is hopping into the blood stream from food you're eating? 500 kcal/hr seems like too much to come from basal fat metabolic pathways. Muscle lactate? But doesn't the lactate come from the same energy aerobic pathways use?

You are correct; we cannot violate the first law of thermodynamics. The "missing" energy is derived from muscle glycogen, muscle triglycerides (fats), and free fatty acids that are released from stored fat into the blood. So let's do the math. Here's what the typical, 70kg lean (8 % body fat) male starts with: 2000 kcal of glycogen in liver and muscle; 80,000 kcal of triglycerides in adipose tissue; 2000 kcal of triglycerides in skeletal muscle. At moderate intensity exercise (about 55-60% of max), our typical 70-kg cyclist will consume around 900 kcal/hour. Fat will supply about half of the energy and carbohydrate will make up the difference. Consuming 60 g of carbohydrate per hour will supply 240 kcal of the 450 kcal of carbohydrate that are needed. Glycogen provides the additional required 200 kcal per hour. So, if we start with 2000 kcal of glycogen and burn it at a rate of 200 kcal per hour, there's enough for 10 hours of moderate intensity cycling.

Operative intervention is rarely indicated as the operation itself is potentially tricky. Immediately behind the collar bone (clavicle) are a number of large blood vessels that can easily be damaged by operating on the bone. If anyone has ever seen orthopaedic surgery they will know that large forces and big tools are involved. Plus, there are the risks of any surgery, ie. infection, anaesthetic etc..

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